Student loans in Australia
Tertiary education fees in Australia
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Higher education fees in Australia are charged to all students, but Australian citizens and (with some limitations) permanent residents[1] are able to obtain interest free loans from the government under the Higher Education Loan Programme (HELP) which replaced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS). Most students are Commonwealth supported, which means the Commonwealth Government pays a contribution to the fees and students are able to defer payment of the remainder of the fees, which for Commonwealth supported students are called the "student contribution". Some domestic students are full fee-paying (non-Commonwealth supported) and while they are able to obtain subsidised loans from the Government up to a lifetime limit of $100,000 for medicine, dentistry and veterinary science programs and $80,000 for all other programs, they receive no other direct government contribution to the cost of their education. Overseas students are charged fees for the entire cost of their education and are ineligible for any loans from the Commonwealth.
HELP is jointly administered by the Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST) and the Australian Taxation Office (ATO).
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Domestic Students
2.1 Commonwealth Supported Students
2.2 Full Fee-Paying Students
2.3 OS-HELP
2.4 Loan repayment under the HELP
3 HECS becomes HECS-HELP: changes to the system in 2005
4 Indexation Rate Formula
5 Notes
6 Sources and external links
[edit] History
This article does not cite any references or sources. (February 2007)
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.
In 1940, the Curtin Labor Government decided to increase the size of the universities to conduct more civil and military research. In order to do this, it dramatically increased the number of scholarships it offered to enter university and it allowed women to win these scholarships (they were previously exclusive to men). The Menzies Liberal Government also supported and extended the ability of ordinary Australians to attend university.
In the 1960s, the Federal Government encouraged and funded the states to establish new universities to cater for increasing demand. These universities were to be built in outlying suburbs and offer special research scholarships to encourage students to undertake postgraduate research studies. Many of the universities that were established under this scheme are members of Innovative Research Universities Australia.
In 1967, the Menzies government established the College of Advanced Education sector, by defining a category of non-University tertiary institutions that were to receive some federal funding. They were easier to access and cheaper to attend than Universities, while delivering many University-equivalent Batchelor awards.
During the early 1970s, there was a significant push to reform tertiary education in Australia to make it more accessible to working and middle class Australians and the Whitlam Labor Government abolished university fees in 1973. This decision did not greatly change the socio-economic backgrounds of students attending universities because only 20 to 25 percent of students paid fees as most had Commonwealth scholarships. Another reason for the lack of change was because low high school retention rates had resulted in many young people from disadvantaged backgrounds not completing secondary education and therefore never having the opportunity to choose to attend university.
In 1989, the Hawke Labor Government instituted a programme in the Higher Education Funding Act 1988 called "Higher Education Contributions Scheme" or HECS. It was developed by economist and lecturer at the Australian National University, Bruce Chapman and championed by Education Minister John Dawkins (see Dawkins Revolution). When introduced it was a fee charged to all university students of $1,800, but this fee could be deferred and repaid through the tax system when the student's income reached a certain level.
At the same time, the Colleges of Advanced Education entered the University sector by various means.
The new Howard Coalition Government in 1996 made significant changes to the HECS. It created a three-tier fee system with the courses that the government considered to have most likelihood of generating higher income for students in the future (eg. Law and Medicine) being the most expensive and those least likely to generate higher income (eg. Nursing and Arts) being the least expensive. The government also increased HECS charges by an average of 40 percent and permitted universities to charge full up-front fees to students who missed out on a HECS place at university in return for entry into a course.
[edit] Domestic Students
[edit] Commonwealth Supported Students
The Government allocates a number of undergraduate places to each public higher education provider in Australia that are designated as Commonwealth supported places at university. These places are allocated to students via the tertiary admissions centre in each state or territory but are usually based on secondary school results (through the TER), TAFE qualifications and previous university results. Commonwealth supported places are available to citizens of Australia and New Zealand, as well as some Australian permanent residents. If a student is in a Commonwealth supported place, they only make a contribution towards the cost of their education (known as the student contribution) while the Australian Government contributes the majority of the cost.
Student Contribution
Band Curriculum Areas Contribution For 1 EFTSL[2]
National Priority Education, Nursing $0 – $3,998
Band 1 Humanities, Arts, Behavioural science, Social studies, Foreign languages, Visual and Performing arts $0 – $4,996
Band 2 Accounting, Commerce, Administration, Economics, Mathematics, Statistics, Computing, Architecture, Health Sciences, Engineering, Science, Surveying, Agriculture $0 – $7,118
Band 3 Law, Dentistry, Medicine, Veterinary science $0 – $8,333
The student contribution varies for each course. It is based upon the expected earnings following a students' graduation, not the cost of providing the course. The Government allows higher education providers to set their own contribution up to a maximum level (although since the government underfunds universities per place themselves, the universities almost always charge the highest level allowable[citation needed]). A student can pay the entire contribution and receive a 20% discount or defer payment on the contribution through a HECS-HELP loan from the Commonwealth Government. It is possible to defer payment on some of the contribution and pay part upfront. In cases of part payment, a 20% discount is received on the amount paid. Students who are New Zealand citizens or new Australian permanent residents are ineligible for HECS-HELP loans and must pay the entire contribution upfront and receive no discount.
[edit] Full Fee-Paying Students
Students who do not receive a Commonwealth supported place are able to obtain a full fee-paying place as long as their tertiary entrance rank or other qualifications exceed a certain minimum. Most postgraduate courses do not have Commonwealth supported places available and therefore all students are full fee-paying. Full fee-paying students are charged the full cost of their course, with no direct Commonwealth subsidy.
Full fee-paying students are able to obtain loans under the Higher Education Loan Programme called FEE-HELP loans to cover all or part of their fees. Students who obtain these loans are charged a 20% loan fee on top of the amount borrowed. Students are able to borrow a lifetime maximum FEE-HELP loan of $100,000 for medicine, dentistry and veterinary science programs and $80,000 for all other programs (adjusted for inflation). FEE-HELP loans replaced the Open Learning Deferred Payment Scheme (OLDPS), the Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme (PELS) and the Bridging for Overseas-Trained Professionals Loan Scheme (BOTPLS).
[edit] OS-HELP
OS-HELP is a loan scheme to assist some undergraduate domestic students to undertake some, but not all, of their course of study overseas. Students are able to obtain a loan of $5,000 for every six months, but can only receive a total of two loans throughout their lifetime. Unlike other loans in the HELP, the loan amount is paid directly to the student and the terms for the loans are set out by the tertiary providers.
As in the FEE-HELP loan scheme, a 20% fee applies on the amount borrowed.
[edit] Loan repayment under the HELP
HELP debts are repaid through the taxation system and repayment is administered by the Australian Taxation Office. People with a HELP debt are obligated to make compulsory payments each year if their HELP Repayment Income (HRI) exceeds a certain threshold, which for the 2007-08 financial year is $39,825. HRI differs from the usual calculation of taxable income in that it includes any amount that taxable income has been reduced by a net rental loss and includes fringe benefits from employment. Unlike marginal tax rates, the repayment rate applies to all income earned. For example, a person that has a HRI of $39,500 in a financial year does not have to make any compulsory HELP repayment, but a person who has a HRI of $40,000 is compelled to make a payment of $1,600.
The indexation rate is applicable to the part of the debt that has been unpaid for 11 months or more. Thus, indexation is calculated on the opening balance plus any debts incurred in the first half of the current year deducting any compulsory or voluntary repayments.
After the indexation rate is applied to one's account, the new balance must be a whole dollar amount. Any cents in the total are discarded. [3]
The rates for compulsory repayment for the 2007-08 financial year, also compared with previous years, are:
HELP Repayment Income (HRI) compulsory repayment 2006-2008
HRI 2005-06 HRI 2006-07 HRI 2007-08 Repayment Rate
Below $36,185 Below $38,149 Below $39,825 Nil
$36,185–$40,306 $38,149-$42,494 $39,225-$44,360 4% of HRI
$40,307–$44,427 $42,495-$46,938 $44,360-$48,896 4.5% of HRI
$44,428–$46,762 $46,839-$49,300 $48,897-$51,466 5% of HRI
$46,763–$50,266 $49,301-$52,994 $51,466-$55,322 5.5% of HRI
$50,267–$54,439 $52,995-$57,394 $55,323-$59,915 6% of HRI
$54,440–$57,304 $57,395-$60,414 $59,916-$63,068 6.5% of HRI
$57,305–$63,062 $60,415-$66,485 $63,069-$69,405 7% of HRI
$63,063–$67,199 $66,486-$70,846 $69,406-$73,959 7.5% of HRI
$67,200 and above $70,847 and above $73,960 and above 8% of HRI
Students are also able to make voluntary payments to the ATO. These payments attract a 10% discount for repayments over $500. This means that if a person voluntarily repays $1000, the debt is reduced by $1100. If the remaining debt is less than $500 the discount still applies. HELP debts do not attract interest but are instead indexed to the Consumer Price Index (CPI). the 2006 indexation rate is 2.8%. If a person with a HELP debt dies, the debt is cancelled (ie. the debtor's estate is not required to pay the debt).
[edit] HECS becomes HECS-HELP: changes to the system in 2005
As of 2005, the Howard government have deregulated university fees. HECS-HELP (formerly HECS) maintains the same principles of HECS, however have since undergone major changes. The deregulation of university fees permits universities to increase tuition costs for university places (by a maximum of 25%). If a student receives a HECS-HELP loan, the Australian Federal Government pays the loan amount directly to the higher education provider on behalf of the student. "HECS" now refers to pre-2005 debt, and HECS-HELP refers to debt from 2005 onwards.
This deregulation of HECS-HELP has also resulted in a limit in the number of years a student may study in a Commonwealth Supported Place (CSP). As of 2007, all students may only study for a maximum of 7 years full-time in commonwealth supported university places (16 years part-time). This does not include any existing HECS debt (prior to 2005).
Known as Student Learning Entitlement (SLE), Students may only study in a Commonwealth Supported Place for a maximum of 7 years full time.. Once these SLE points are used, students are no longer entitled to CSPs, and must take either a post-graduate FEE-HELP load (if available) or undertake a FULL-FEE place.
An alternative option is FEE-HELP (formerly PELS). FEE-HELP provides eligible fee-paying students with a loan to cover their postgraduate tuition fees. This option is only available for post-graduate students attempting an eligible post-graduate course. In 2007, the FEE-HELP lifelong limit is $80,000, and $100,000 for students studying dentistry, medicine or veterinary science. Students cannot borrow any more than $50,000, even if once debt is repaid. See the official website for details.
Once a student has used up all of their SLE points, they may only study under a FEE-HELP course (capped at $50,000) or as part of a FULL-FEE course. Full-Fee courses are relatively expensive courses where students must pay their all of their tuition costs upfront, which is a significantly larger debt than a standard HECS-HELP loan, usually taken for its lower academic entrance requirements.
FEE-HELP courses are available at a post-graduate level (and occasionally for some undergraduate FULL-FEE places) however they are not available at every institution or in every course. The only remaining option is a FULL-FEE place paid upfront.
Once students have used all of their SLE points, students however cannot enroll in an undergraduate degree again unless it is a FULL-FEE place.
[edit] Indexation Rate Formula
The indexation rate equal to CPI (currently 2.8%) is applicable to the part of the debt that has been unpaid for 11 months or more. Thus, indexation is calculated on the opening balance plus any debts incurred in the first half of the current year deducting any compulsory or voluntary repayments.
After the indexation rate is applied to one's account, the new balance must be a whole dollar amount. Any cents in the total are discarded. [4]
[edit] Notes
^ Holder of a permanent visa (other than a permanent humanitarian visa). Information for pre-2005 HECS students. Government of Australia Department of Education, Science and Training.
^ EFTSL stands for Equivalent Full-Time Student Load. It is a measure of the study load, for a year, of a student undertaking a course of study on a full time basis.
^ ATO (May 2006) Understanding your 2006 HELP information statement, Australian Taxation Office, Australian Government
^ ATO (May 2006) Understanding your 2006 HELP information statement, Australian Taxation Office, Australian Government
[edit] Sources and external links
Going To Uni website
Department of Education, Science and Training website
ATO Higher education loan schemes essentials site
"International student funding comparisons: Australia and New Zealand" by Professor Nicholas Barr. The Guardian, 9 October 2001.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_education_fees_in_Australia"
Categories: Articles lacking sources from February 2007 | All articles lacking sources | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since May 2007 | Taxation in Australia | Education in Australia | Student loan systems by country
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Student loans in Australia)• Learn more about citing Wikipedia •Jump to: navigation, search
Higher education fees in Australia are charged to all students, but Australian citizens and (with some limitations) permanent residents[1] are able to obtain interest free loans from the government under the Higher Education Loan Programme (HELP) which replaced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS). Most students are Commonwealth supported, which means the Commonwealth Government pays a contribution to the fees and students are able to defer payment of the remainder of the fees, which for Commonwealth supported students are called the "student contribution". Some domestic students are full fee-paying (non-Commonwealth supported) and while they are able to obtain subsidised loans from the Government up to a lifetime limit of $100,000 for medicine, dentistry and veterinary science programs and $80,000 for all other programs, they receive no other direct government contribution to the cost of their education. Overseas students are charged fees for the entire cost of their education and are ineligible for any loans from the Commonwealth.
HELP is jointly administered by the Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST) and the Australian Taxation Office (ATO).
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Domestic Students
2.1 Commonwealth Supported Students
2.2 Full Fee-Paying Students
2.3 OS-HELP
2.4 Loan repayment under the HELP
3 HECS becomes HECS-HELP: changes to the system in 2005
4 Indexation Rate Formula
5 Notes
6 Sources and external links
[edit] History
This article does not cite any references or sources. (February 2007)
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.
In 1940, the Curtin Labor Government decided to increase the size of the universities to conduct more civil and military research. In order to do this, it dramatically increased the number of scholarships it offered to enter university and it allowed women to win these scholarships (they were previously exclusive to men). The Menzies Liberal Government also supported and extended the ability of ordinary Australians to attend university.
In the 1960s, the Federal Government encouraged and funded the states to establish new universities to cater for increasing demand. These universities were to be built in outlying suburbs and offer special research scholarships to encourage students to undertake postgraduate research studies. Many of the universities that were established under this scheme are members of Innovative Research Universities Australia.
In 1967, the Menzies government established the College of Advanced Education sector, by defining a category of non-University tertiary institutions that were to receive some federal funding. They were easier to access and cheaper to attend than Universities, while delivering many University-equivalent Batchelor awards.
During the early 1970s, there was a significant push to reform tertiary education in Australia to make it more accessible to working and middle class Australians and the Whitlam Labor Government abolished university fees in 1973. This decision did not greatly change the socio-economic backgrounds of students attending universities because only 20 to 25 percent of students paid fees as most had Commonwealth scholarships. Another reason for the lack of change was because low high school retention rates had resulted in many young people from disadvantaged backgrounds not completing secondary education and therefore never having the opportunity to choose to attend university.
In 1989, the Hawke Labor Government instituted a programme in the Higher Education Funding Act 1988 called "Higher Education Contributions Scheme" or HECS. It was developed by economist and lecturer at the Australian National University, Bruce Chapman and championed by Education Minister John Dawkins (see Dawkins Revolution). When introduced it was a fee charged to all university students of $1,800, but this fee could be deferred and repaid through the tax system when the student's income reached a certain level.
At the same time, the Colleges of Advanced Education entered the University sector by various means.
The new Howard Coalition Government in 1996 made significant changes to the HECS. It created a three-tier fee system with the courses that the government considered to have most likelihood of generating higher income for students in the future (eg. Law and Medicine) being the most expensive and those least likely to generate higher income (eg. Nursing and Arts) being the least expensive. The government also increased HECS charges by an average of 40 percent and permitted universities to charge full up-front fees to students who missed out on a HECS place at university in return for entry into a course.
[edit] Domestic Students
[edit] Commonwealth Supported Students
The Government allocates a number of undergraduate places to each public higher education provider in Australia that are designated as Commonwealth supported places at university. These places are allocated to students via the tertiary admissions centre in each state or territory but are usually based on secondary school results (through the TER), TAFE qualifications and previous university results. Commonwealth supported places are available to citizens of Australia and New Zealand, as well as some Australian permanent residents. If a student is in a Commonwealth supported place, they only make a contribution towards the cost of their education (known as the student contribution) while the Australian Government contributes the majority of the cost.
Student Contribution
Band Curriculum Areas Contribution For 1 EFTSL[2]
National Priority Education, Nursing $0 – $3,998
Band 1 Humanities, Arts, Behavioural science, Social studies, Foreign languages, Visual and Performing arts $0 – $4,996
Band 2 Accounting, Commerce, Administration, Economics, Mathematics, Statistics, Computing, Architecture, Health Sciences, Engineering, Science, Surveying, Agriculture $0 – $7,118
Band 3 Law, Dentistry, Medicine, Veterinary science $0 – $8,333
The student contribution varies for each course. It is based upon the expected earnings following a students' graduation, not the cost of providing the course. The Government allows higher education providers to set their own contribution up to a maximum level (although since the government underfunds universities per place themselves, the universities almost always charge the highest level allowable[citation needed]). A student can pay the entire contribution and receive a 20% discount or defer payment on the contribution through a HECS-HELP loan from the Commonwealth Government. It is possible to defer payment on some of the contribution and pay part upfront. In cases of part payment, a 20% discount is received on the amount paid. Students who are New Zealand citizens or new Australian permanent residents are ineligible for HECS-HELP loans and must pay the entire contribution upfront and receive no discount.
[edit] Full Fee-Paying Students
Students who do not receive a Commonwealth supported place are able to obtain a full fee-paying place as long as their tertiary entrance rank or other qualifications exceed a certain minimum. Most postgraduate courses do not have Commonwealth supported places available and therefore all students are full fee-paying. Full fee-paying students are charged the full cost of their course, with no direct Commonwealth subsidy.
Full fee-paying students are able to obtain loans under the Higher Education Loan Programme called FEE-HELP loans to cover all or part of their fees. Students who obtain these loans are charged a 20% loan fee on top of the amount borrowed. Students are able to borrow a lifetime maximum FEE-HELP loan of $100,000 for medicine, dentistry and veterinary science programs and $80,000 for all other programs (adjusted for inflation). FEE-HELP loans replaced the Open Learning Deferred Payment Scheme (OLDPS), the Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme (PELS) and the Bridging for Overseas-Trained Professionals Loan Scheme (BOTPLS).
[edit] OS-HELP
OS-HELP is a loan scheme to assist some undergraduate domestic students to undertake some, but not all, of their course of study overseas. Students are able to obtain a loan of $5,000 for every six months, but can only receive a total of two loans throughout their lifetime. Unlike other loans in the HELP, the loan amount is paid directly to the student and the terms for the loans are set out by the tertiary providers.
As in the FEE-HELP loan scheme, a 20% fee applies on the amount borrowed.
[edit] Loan repayment under the HELP
HELP debts are repaid through the taxation system and repayment is administered by the Australian Taxation Office. People with a HELP debt are obligated to make compulsory payments each year if their HELP Repayment Income (HRI) exceeds a certain threshold, which for the 2007-08 financial year is $39,825. HRI differs from the usual calculation of taxable income in that it includes any amount that taxable income has been reduced by a net rental loss and includes fringe benefits from employment. Unlike marginal tax rates, the repayment rate applies to all income earned. For example, a person that has a HRI of $39,500 in a financial year does not have to make any compulsory HELP repayment, but a person who has a HRI of $40,000 is compelled to make a payment of $1,600.
The indexation rate is applicable to the part of the debt that has been unpaid for 11 months or more. Thus, indexation is calculated on the opening balance plus any debts incurred in the first half of the current year deducting any compulsory or voluntary repayments.
After the indexation rate is applied to one's account, the new balance must be a whole dollar amount. Any cents in the total are discarded. [3]
The rates for compulsory repayment for the 2007-08 financial year, also compared with previous years, are:
HELP Repayment Income (HRI) compulsory repayment 2006-2008
HRI 2005-06 HRI 2006-07 HRI 2007-08 Repayment Rate
Below $36,185 Below $38,149 Below $39,825 Nil
$36,185–$40,306 $38,149-$42,494 $39,225-$44,360 4% of HRI
$40,307–$44,427 $42,495-$46,938 $44,360-$48,896 4.5% of HRI
$44,428–$46,762 $46,839-$49,300 $48,897-$51,466 5% of HRI
$46,763–$50,266 $49,301-$52,994 $51,466-$55,322 5.5% of HRI
$50,267–$54,439 $52,995-$57,394 $55,323-$59,915 6% of HRI
$54,440–$57,304 $57,395-$60,414 $59,916-$63,068 6.5% of HRI
$57,305–$63,062 $60,415-$66,485 $63,069-$69,405 7% of HRI
$63,063–$67,199 $66,486-$70,846 $69,406-$73,959 7.5% of HRI
$67,200 and above $70,847 and above $73,960 and above 8% of HRI
Students are also able to make voluntary payments to the ATO. These payments attract a 10% discount for repayments over $500. This means that if a person voluntarily repays $1000, the debt is reduced by $1100. If the remaining debt is less than $500 the discount still applies. HELP debts do not attract interest but are instead indexed to the Consumer Price Index (CPI). the 2006 indexation rate is 2.8%. If a person with a HELP debt dies, the debt is cancelled (ie. the debtor's estate is not required to pay the debt).
[edit] HECS becomes HECS-HELP: changes to the system in 2005
As of 2005, the Howard government have deregulated university fees. HECS-HELP (formerly HECS) maintains the same principles of HECS, however have since undergone major changes. The deregulation of university fees permits universities to increase tuition costs for university places (by a maximum of 25%). If a student receives a HECS-HELP loan, the Australian Federal Government pays the loan amount directly to the higher education provider on behalf of the student. "HECS" now refers to pre-2005 debt, and HECS-HELP refers to debt from 2005 onwards.
This deregulation of HECS-HELP has also resulted in a limit in the number of years a student may study in a Commonwealth Supported Place (CSP). As of 2007, all students may only study for a maximum of 7 years full-time in commonwealth supported university places (16 years part-time). This does not include any existing HECS debt (prior to 2005).
Known as Student Learning Entitlement (SLE), Students may only study in a Commonwealth Supported Place for a maximum of 7 years full time.. Once these SLE points are used, students are no longer entitled to CSPs, and must take either a post-graduate FEE-HELP load (if available) or undertake a FULL-FEE place.
An alternative option is FEE-HELP (formerly PELS). FEE-HELP provides eligible fee-paying students with a loan to cover their postgraduate tuition fees. This option is only available for post-graduate students attempting an eligible post-graduate course. In 2007, the FEE-HELP lifelong limit is $80,000, and $100,000 for students studying dentistry, medicine or veterinary science. Students cannot borrow any more than $50,000, even if once debt is repaid. See the official website for details.
Once a student has used up all of their SLE points, they may only study under a FEE-HELP course (capped at $50,000) or as part of a FULL-FEE course. Full-Fee courses are relatively expensive courses where students must pay their all of their tuition costs upfront, which is a significantly larger debt than a standard HECS-HELP loan, usually taken for its lower academic entrance requirements.
FEE-HELP courses are available at a post-graduate level (and occasionally for some undergraduate FULL-FEE places) however they are not available at every institution or in every course. The only remaining option is a FULL-FEE place paid upfront.
Once students have used all of their SLE points, students however cannot enroll in an undergraduate degree again unless it is a FULL-FEE place.
[edit] Indexation Rate Formula
The indexation rate equal to CPI (currently 2.8%) is applicable to the part of the debt that has been unpaid for 11 months or more. Thus, indexation is calculated on the opening balance plus any debts incurred in the first half of the current year deducting any compulsory or voluntary repayments.
After the indexation rate is applied to one's account, the new balance must be a whole dollar amount. Any cents in the total are discarded. [4]
[edit] Notes
^ Holder of a permanent visa (other than a permanent humanitarian visa). Information for pre-2005 HECS students. Government of Australia Department of Education, Science and Training.
^ EFTSL stands for Equivalent Full-Time Student Load. It is a measure of the study load, for a year, of a student undertaking a course of study on a full time basis.
^ ATO (May 2006) Understanding your 2006 HELP information statement, Australian Taxation Office, Australian Government
^ ATO (May 2006) Understanding your 2006 HELP information statement, Australian Taxation Office, Australian Government
[edit] Sources and external links
Going To Uni website
Department of Education, Science and Training website
ATO Higher education loan schemes essentials site
"International student funding comparisons: Australia and New Zealand" by Professor Nicholas Barr. The Guardian, 9 October 2001.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_education_fees_in_Australia"
Categories: Articles lacking sources from February 2007 | All articles lacking sources | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since May 2007 | Taxation in Australia | Education in Australia | Student loan systems by country
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